Step 2: Check the Reasoning

Identify the Core Argument

Every argument has a central point, even if it’s buried under layers of details, qualifiers, or distracting language. Start by pinpointing the main claim or conclusion that the argument is trying to make. Ask yourself: What’s the main point here, in one sentence? Then look for the main reasons or evidence supporting that point.

In this step, you’re stripping the argument down to its essentials. Once you’ve identified the core claim, you can evaluate if the surrounding information is helping support it or simply adding fluff.

Look for Logical Connections and Structure

A well-constructed argument should have a clear, logical path leading from one point to the next, guiding the audience naturally toward the conclusion. Analyze how each claim is linked. Does one point lead directly to the next, creating a cohesive chain of reasoning? Or does it jump or rely on vague connections?

This step is crucial for spotting “gaps” in the logic where the argument leaps from one idea to the next without sufficient support. A common issue is the unsupported assumption: when the argument takes something for granted without offering evidence.

Identify Common Logical Fallacies

Logical fallacies are like hidden traps—they can make an argument sound convincing even when it’s flawed. Here are some of the most common ones:

Evaluate the Evidence and Assumptions

Strong reasoning rests on solid evidence. Review any supporting data, examples, or research presented. Is it relevant, credible, and directly related to the argument? Sometimes, the evidence provided only partially supports the argument or isn’t as strong as it first appears.

Also, look out for hidden assumptions—things that the argument takes for granted. For example, an argument might assume that “all people prefer freedom over security” without actually proving it. Ask yourself, If this assumption is wrong, would the entire argument fall apart? If the answer is yes, then it’s worth questioning its validity.

Test for Bias in Reasoning

Even subtle biases can color the reasoning within an argument. This could be cultural bias, personal bias, or even an unintentional bias toward a particular outcome. A biased argument might selectively present evidence or frame certain points to steer you toward a pre-determined conclusion.

Ask yourself: Does the argument seem one-sided? Is it ignoring other possible viewpoints? Good reasoning is fair and objective, weighing evidence from multiple perspectives rather than cherry-picking points that support a single stance.

Look for Alternative Explanations

Finally, good reasoning doesn’t shy away from complexity. It considers other potential explanations or outcomes. A strong argument should acknowledge alternative perspectives and explain why they might be less likely or relevant.

Ask: Could there be other ways to interpret this evidence? Are there other logical conclusions that could be drawn? An argument that ignores plausible alternatives might be oversimplified or biased, aiming to “win” rather than engage in genuine exploration of the truth.